An investigation conducted by Netherlands-based financial research group Profundo and published by Dutch NGOs BankTrack and PAX has found that a small number of investment banks have played a crucial role in helping Israel meet the “significant funding needs” arising from its war on Gaza by providing significant underwriting services to the Israeli state.
… Goldman Sachs is by far the largest institution listed, having underwritten more than $7 billion in Israeli “war bonds” since the start of the Israel-Gaza war. The other financial institutions identified by the investigation are Bank of America, Deutsche Bank, BNP Paribas, Citi, Barclays, and JPMorgan Chase.
… The weight of Israel’s well-documented violations of international law may place additional legal risks on the underwriters and investors identified by Profundo that extend beyond violations of international human rights norms. While financial institutions as corporations are not a party to the Genocide Convention or to other international law instruments, they or their employees risk being held liable for complicity in acts of genocide, as well as war crimes and crimes against humanity, under international or national criminal law if a court demonstrates that their actions constituted a substantial and knowing material contribution to alleged international crimes.
Continue reading at https://www.banktrack.org/news/seven_underwriters_of_war_bonds_instrumental_in_enabling_israel_s_assault_on_gaza_new_research_finds